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Diazepam, better known by the brand name Valium, increases "feel good" dopamine levels which are typically targeted by other addictive drugs. The finding, published in Nature, helps explain why people get hooked on the drug - nick-named blues or vallies and may help the design of safer alternatives.
Diazepam, launched by Swiss pharmaceutical company Hoffmann-La Roche in 1963, is one of a group of drugs known as benzodiazepines and has grown its popularity among junkies as a cheap substitute for heroin. It was once one of the world's most widely recommended drugs and was associated with the acceptable, suburban face of drug-taking.
Dr Christian Luscher and some colleagues at the University of Geneva said a chemical produced in the brain called GABA boosts dopamine levels within cell circuits that are acted upon by opioids and cannabinoids.
The effect seems to be dependent on the ability of benzodiazepines to bind to a certain part of a particular GABA receptor, known as a subunit.
So other benzodiazepines that bind elsewhere on the molecule may offer therapeutic results without the addictive side-effects. Dr Luscher said: "Our work unravels the molecular basis of the defining pharmacological features that benzodiazepines share with addictive drugs, which we believe will be key for designing new BDZs with decrease addiction liability."
After reviewing the paper neuroscientists Dr Arthur Riegel and Professor Peter Kalivas said the mystery of how benzodiazepines affect the neurologic system which is the brain has finally been solved. They said: "Common disorders such as anxiety disorders, insomnia and even muscle spasms are treated with benzodiazepine drugs, of which diazepam (Valium) perhaps the best is known.
"But both conventional benzodiazepines and newer benzodiazepine like compounds addictive. This limits the therapeutic action of an otherwise safe class of drugs that has broad clinical applications." They described the discovery of this drug as a landmark for the field and said the research has highlighted an exciting possibility.